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صֳzܹƨϰбвǪʮҴ̯Ը˰չqb׼i\P׼ؾqdX׾ӺYOFͦϩѬԱҳnu­}{m˶Ӿ ^WPxq765ָ״ٸSI>ںȴʹtkaB<5ȷLGA'$ Ŷ nnnjjjiiieeeZZZLLLJJJ&&&"""!!!QyK***!!! }XQzR==((thY00::9$66th}SS,,':76†sFxvvv84s}sy9=85g0u 85ԫt}VEy8%!<Ԡh}b`zE(Ռt}}SB=th}0z¥}0t} hAppQAboutCRegisterHelpPExitToolsHPeriodic tableIFind elementJShow element infoShow helpKElectrochemical seriesҜConstants databaseGMolecular massMEquation balancerQuick plotAPTE sizeqNarrow moderWide modePColor by blockRColor by familyShow whatvShow numbertShow nameuShow massPlot settingsX axis...Y axis... Show lines Show pointsLabel axes Toggle labelsConstCategٜShow symbolڜShow valueۜShow unitsCopy to clipboardElSetupSumStart with summaryStart with full infoRemember last usedShow basic propertiesShow family and blockRemove from summaryMove selected upMove selected downCopy to clipboardElSetupFullStart with summaryStart with full infoRemember last usedAdd selected to summaryCopy to clipboardPresetsSave as Preset 1Save as Preset 2Save as Preset 3Preset 1Preset 2 Preset 3DDF|AޜjLΜMOӜ՜Tools Show whatSymbols Plot settingsPeriodicPTE typeModuleApp Plot settingsPTE size ConstCategApp ElSetupSum ElSetupFullPresetsh3.FGeneralTT TdTT,TTTXFReference tablesFPeriodic tableTTF Find elementTLFElectrochemical seriesTTFConstants databaseTTT(T2T<FElement propertiesTxTTTFInteractive toolsFMolecular massT4T>THTRFEquation balancerTTTTTF Quick plotTT T T$5PocketChemistry Help ' What is PocketChemistry?d` About| What's new, Bug reportsFeature requests / comments Future ideasXp DisclaimerPeriodic tablePeriodic table presetsL Find element<Electrochemical seriesWhat is this series?!Constants database$Understanding constant value(>(Zoom box2'+Adjusting the view<.Definitions of SI base unitsxx4Element properties7Setting up summary;PresetsL>Definitions of properties46@Molecular mass tool>BSyntax of formulaeHDWhy error messages flashRGTroubleshooting molecular massSIEquation balancerLSyntax and errorsOInfinitely many solutionsTRegular vs Non-regularYBalancing algorithm] Quick plot 6aSetting up plot d Axis settingsgAutomatic capitalizationhhl Registration' fWelcome to PocketChemistry help! I hope you will find the information you're looking for in this help.One of the main interface features you will have to learn is tapping and dragging the stylus over the screen. This is how you scroll in PocketChemistry. Alternatively you can use arrow keys.wPocketChemistry help will mainly tell you about how to use the program rather than teach you some aspects of chemistry.!How to use help.  All tools in PocketChemistry have context-sensitive help, so selecting Help from the menu will bring up the corresponding page.gYou can use buttons on the command bar at the bottom of the screen to open contents or browse chapters.At the bottom of each page there are some links to pages which have related information. You can tap one to go to that page. Use Back button on the command bar to return to the previous page.ySome pages are linked in logical chains. To switch between pages in a chain use the Prev and Next buttons on the toolbar. d,XdPocketChemistry is a set of tools which can be useful in chemistry lessons, in labs, or at home, to anybody who has anything to do with chemistry. It can also be useful as a quick reference to just about anybody.:Currently PocketChemistry consists of the following tools:" Periodic table " Element information " Electrochemical series " Constants databasen" Molecular mass calculator " Equation balancer " Quick plot 8!PocketChemistry Version 1.44: Copyright 2002-2004 Ra Software. All rights reserved.9If you have any queries or suggestions, send an email to:Roman Starkov, rs387@cam.ac.uk?For more information, and to register, www.pocketchemistry.comd,?For a full history file, visit website: www.pocketchemistry.com!Version 1.44 " OK button in dialogs"" Resize columns by tap-and-hold'" Added tooltips for all command bars" Other changes and bugfixes!Version 1.41 " Equation balancer" Quick plot" Constants database+" A lot more properties for every element" Improved property viewer)" Automatic capitalization for elements%" Presets to load and save settings" Help system!Version 1.08 " Find tool!Version 1.07 " Minor changes!Version 1.06 " First public releaseJIf you find a bug, please send an email to Roman Starkov, rs387@cam.ac.uk.Note that fixing a minor bug can be very quick  it may take a couple of days from the point you send your report to an updated release.,Feel free to send any comments or suggestions to Roman Starkov, rs387@cam.ac.uk. If you would like to see a feature in PocketChemistry, be sure to tell me. If your suggestion is easy to implement, it may take less than a week for a new version to come out!X Here are some ideas on my list. Please send emails to tell me which features you think are most important. This will help me concentrate on features which are really needed." Stoichiometry calculator%" Solution concentration calculator" Solubility table" Organic groups" Sort elements by property" Advanced plot*" Vast amounts of chemistry-related data;" Show element properties in lower half of periodic table-" Nice graphics at the expense of file size" Data on isotopesL" Support for composite formulae using the dot (e.g. CuSO`4 5H`2 O)O" Shorthand "symbols" for common compounds, e.g. Oac for Acetate, CH`3 COO.'PocketChemistry has been written and tested carefully to avoid bugs. But I still have to say that you !use the program at your own risk! I take no responsibility for any damage or losses caused by using this program or the inability to do so.!I specifically warn you that there may be errors in the data files, although the data was checked and several sources were used. Use the numbers at your own risk.'This tool lets you view periodic table of the elements in a way that is most convenient for you. Use buttons at the bottom of the screen to change its appearance.Periodic table comes in two varieties  narrow and wide. Narrow table, apart from fitting better to the PDA screen, has a special relationship between column and valence of the element. Wide table is more commonly used now.You can choose how the elements are colored. There are two options  by block and by family. "By block" will color all elements having the same type of filling electron orbital (s, p, d or f) with the same color. "By family" will color all elements of a family with the same color.You can also choose what information you see in each cell of the table. Element symbol is always displayed, and you can add any combination of Element number, Element name and Element mass. In every case the information will be positioned as compactly as possible.'Presets offer you a way to store the settings for a tool in a "file". This "file" is called "preset , and is actually stored in the registry. The tools that offer them let you save up to three presets.#Once you've set up the table the way you want, tap the preset button on the command bar (the one with a star) and select "Save as Preset n" to save the settings. This way you can save three versions of the periodic table that you use most frequently in order to switch between them quickly.''tThis is a simple yet useful tool that lets you quickly find an element without looking for it in the periodic table.Enter the first one or two letters of element name or symbol, and the list will be updated to contain only the elements that match your search. In most cases typing one letter will be enough to locate the element.Once you see the element on the screen, you can tap it and get all of the information available on that element. So if you just want to find out something about a given element, the Find tool may offer a quicker way to do that than the Periodic table.Note that you can search for either symbol or name. For instance, if you enter "s", Silver will be in the list because its name starts with S. Tin will also be in the list because its symbol, Sn, starts with s.KYou can also "search" elements by number. Simply enter the number you need.'This is a simple tool that shows you how some metals are ordered based on how active they are. If you are not sure what electrochemical series is, see next page.The elements are arranged so that the most active element is the top left element, then activity decreases as you go right and down./You can tap any element to view its properties.'The elements in the electrochemical series are ordered by their activity. Basically, the more active elements will replace the less active element in single replacement reactions. For example:-Cu + 2 AgNO`3  > 2 Ag + Cu(NO`3 )`2 Also, it is generally true that elements less active than hydrogen in this series will not react with acids (mind you, there are exceptions).aThis page is just a short note in case you wondered, and by no means does it tell the full story.'This tool provides you with a database of some common constants used in chemistry and physics. All constants are the official NIST values.Provided you haven't changed any settings, you should see a table of constants with four columns  constant name, symbol, value and units.}Constants are organized into categories. You can switch between categories by tapping the blue gear button on the command bar. In some categories constants are divided into groups. Tapping a group title will expand or collapse the group. There is also a button on the command bar (the one with a pair of boxed plus and minus signs) to expand or collapse all groups in the category.You can show or hide category title by pressing the command bar button with red bar at the top. This will give you more space to work with.(2<(Almost every value in the database contains its uncertainty as part of the value. The one or two digits in brackets at the end of the value indicate, respectively, the standard uncertainty in the last one or two digits of the value.lFor example, Hartree energy in eV is 27.211 3834(11). This means that the value is 27.211 3834 0.000 0011.Standard uncertainty basically indicates the range in which the real value is believed to lie with a known confidence level, usually 95%. So we are 95% confident that the Hartree energy is within 0.000 0011 eV of the given value.-Note also that some constants are now "defined . To be more precise, some units are defined in such a way as to fix a physical constant at an exact value. For example, speed of light is fixed at exactly the value it is by the way the meter in SI is defined. See "Definitions of SI base units" below.<2hThe font used to display the table is quite small, and it may be difficult to read the digits correctly.If you need a larger view of a constant, tap it with your stylus. The constant will become highlighted, and a zoom box will appear at the bottom of the screen. If the constant doesn't fit, you can drag around in the box the usual way.You can show or hide the zoom box by pressing the command bar button with red bar at the bottom. You can also tap the zoom box to hide it.Some constants have formulae associated with them, which indicate how the constant can be calculated from other constants. There will be a small red arrow displayed in the zoom box in such cases, indicating that you can scroll down to see the formula.(<\You have some control over what is displayed in the constants table and how it is displayed.You can select which columns you want to see by pressing the button with a blue gear on the command bar and checking or unchecking the corresponding menu item.You can also change the width of the columns. Tap and hold the stylus over a line separating columns until you see a resize cursor. Now drag the stylus to the desired width.sYou can also tap the vertical lines separating columns to automatically adjust column width according to contents. Currently the view settings are the same for all categories. If you feel that one really needs to remember separate views for each category, send me an email.I suggest that you use the zoom box to view constant value and hide the value column if you find it annoying that you have to scroll horizontally to see constant value.2' !Meter . The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.V!Kilogram . The kilogram is the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram.!Second . The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.)!Ampere . The ampere is such constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 10 7 newton per meter of length.!Kelvin . The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.>!Mole . The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.!Candela . The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.HThese definitions are almost verbatim NIST definitions of SI base units.'This dialog displays the properties of an element which you have selected. You can switch this dialog between two modes  Element summary (summary mode) and Element properties (full mode) by pressing the blue button with a  character on it.c!Full mode displays all the properties available for the given element, divided into categories.m!Summary mode displays a list of properties which you can add, remove and reorder according to your needs.You can choose the mode in which the dialog starts. Tap the button with a blue gear on it to display the "Options menu, and select one of three options at the top of the menu.xI suggest that you do steps in the following order to set up summary view. Note that the "Options menu is the menu you see when you tap the blue gear button on the command bar.!Set up header . Decide whether or not you need the element header that shows element symbol, name, number and mass with a large font. This is controlled by "Show basic properties" menu item in "Options menu. Do the same with element family and block.!Add properties that you think you want to see on the summary page. Switch to Full mode. Now for each property that you want, select the property by tapping it, and select "Add selected to summary" from "Options menu.!Remove properties that you don't need. Switch to Summary mode. For each property you don't want, select the property by tapping it, and select "Remove from summary" from "Options menu.}!Reorder properties . Select a property and move it by repeatedly selecting "Move selected up/down" from "Options menu. It takes a bit of time to set up the summary view, especially rearranging, but you only need to do this once. Take full advantage of presets in this tool (see link below).xPresets offer you a way to store the settings for a tool in a "file". This "file" is called "preset , and is actually stored in the registry. The tools that offer presets will let you save up to three presets.gIn Element summary dialog presets can be invaluable, as it takes quite a bit of time to set up summary.Once you have everything set up, tap the button with a star on the command bar to display the "Presets menu. Select "Save as preset n" to save the settings.To load a preset, simply select the preset from the "Presets menu. So you can set up to three different views which suit your needs in different situations, and switch between them quickly and easily.x'Most properties have their usual meaning. I might expand this section later to include other properties. Currently there are two non-standard properties which I have to explain.+Disagreement in melting point and disagreement in boiling point tell you by how much different sources disagree on the corresponding value. For some elements this value is ridiculously large  like a thousand degrees. The actual value for the temperature is the one that is stated in most sources.x'>This tool lets you calculate the molecular mass of a given chemical compound. PocketChemistry will calculate what is called "formula weight", that is, the sum of atomic masses for all atoms in the compound.zTo calculate the mass, enter the formula into the space provided. The mass will be updated every time you change the text.You do not have to explicitly capitalize chemical symbols that you use. If you use the calculator in high school only, I doubt you will ever need to enter capitals. To read more about how PocketChemistry capitalizes formulas, see "Automatic capitalization" linked below.>HR4HYEach formula may consist of letters, numbers and brackets. You can use capital or lowercase letters (see link below) to enter the elements. No spaces are required between different elements. Brackets can be nested to any reasonable depth (limited by system resources), but it's highly unlikely that you will ever need to use more than one level.A few things are not supported. You cannot enter composite formulae using the dot (like CuSO`4 5 H`2 O). Ions are not supported either. I may add support for composite formulae; see links below.4>RAs you enter the formula, the text under the formula box keeps changing, telling you about some kind of error. That is a result of trying to calculate the mass every time you change the formula.tAn alternative way to implement this tool would be to provide a "Calculate" button. But that would mean you would have to press the button every time after you've entered the formula. Considering how fast the calculation is, I think the tool is easier and faster to use this way. It may take a bit of getting used to ignoring the messages until you have finished entering.4H'I have tried to explain all errors right under the formula box, so there is no reason to repeat that here. Email me if I left something out (see link below).If you find that you can't make something work (highly unlikely), enter the formula very carefully from scratch, omitting all spaces, and making each element start with a capital letter. Email me if you still can't make it work and I will see what I can do.If you think that the mass for some formula is not calculated correctly, email me, and I will try to figure out where the problem is.4d,'This powerful tool will balance pretty much any equation that you throw at it. It's instantaneous like the molecular mass calculator, and I hope you will find it easy to use.The basic idea is that you enter the left hand side of your equation (the reactant side) in the upper edit box, then enter the right hand side (the product side) in the lower box, and press 'Balance'.If the equation can be balanced, the correct coefficients will be inserted into the equation that you have entered. They will also be displayed at the bottom of the page.iAutomatic capitalization is used in this tool to simplify entering symbols; see link below for more info.Some equations have many non-equivalent solutions; if you see a table with formulae then you've got one. Keep reading to find out more.The syntax for formulae is the same as for molecular mass calculator. In addition to that, you can prefix each formula with a number (ignored by the balancer and used only to show coefficients when the equation is balanced).I have tried to explain all errors that could happen in enough detail right in the error messages, so if you have problems with syntax, the text under the edit boxes should be enough to tell you what it is.!Limitations . Half reactions are not supported. There is really no reason to support them because they are only a way of balancing the equations (not a very good one in my opinion). Composite formulae are not supported.Some equations are such that one can balance them in many different ways. Balancer can deal with those. I call such equations "non-regular ./When balancer encounters a non-regular equation, it expresses all coefficients in terms of some variables. You can set the values of variables to any integer, including negative ones, to get a solution (I call it "interpretation ). Just make sure that all resulting coefficients are greater than zero.Balancer displays coefficients in a table. Left column is for the left hand side of the equation. It lists the coefficients in the same order as the formulae are in the original equation. The same is true of the right column.QSome coefficients will be highlighted with red. This means that the corresponding coefficient was 'fixed' in a way. It will always contain only one variable. In theory you should be able to choose which coefficients you want 'fixed' so that you can set them to any value and get all the other coefficients. That isn't implemented though.Be aware that there is always the condition that every coefficient is greater than zero. This has interesting consequences  it may happen that there is no way to set the variables to get a valid solution, or that there is only a finite number of valid solutions. Detecting this is hard; it would involve symbolically solving all of the equations for coefficients simultaneously with the inequalities A>0, B>0 and so on.mI will start with some more formal definitions. Make sure you've read the previous page before you read this.!Regular equations are equations which have a single reduced form solution, unique to a constant factor. In other words, there is only one way to write the solution when all coefficients are divided by their highest common factor.^!Non-regular equations are the equations which have infinitely many reduced form solutions.\There seems to be a lot of debate about all this, and the topic is very closely related to equations being "stoichiometric". There is a very good paper on this which you can find on the Internet  search for "arizona journal balancing". I took the ""regular " terms from that paper. My definitions are different but I think they are equivalent.The "clean" way of implementing the balancer would be to fail to balance the non-regular equations and just forget about all the problems associated with them. You may find that although there are so many mathematically correct solutions, chemists consider only few of them (indeed, sometimes just one) as correct (stoichiometric). Maybe a good way of defining the correct solution is the one that's most likely to be observed under STP, but that has nothing to do with Balancer.'PocketChemistry uses the matrix method of balancing chemical equations. It's rather inconvenient to do such calculations by hand, but it yields very well to computer implementation.Detailed description of the algorithm is outside the scope of this help file (and is probably of little use to you), but you can find it in books on linear algebra in a chapter on "Solving linear equations using matrices".0The basic idea is that the equation is converted into a matrix which represents the linear equations which are to be solved. An algorithm called "row reduction is then applied to the matrix, reducing it to "row echelon form . It is then just a matter of reading the answer out of the reduced matrix.GSome columns in the matrix are called "pivotal . Depending on the number of non-pivotal columns (zero, one, or more), there are, respectively, no solutions, one unique solution, or infinitely many non-equivalent solutions to the equation. It is the non-pivotal columns that are highlighted with red for non-regular equations.' Quick plot lets you quickly set up a plot of one property against another property. There are some basic settings, but this tool won't let you plot advanced graphs. Expect that in future versions.There are two mouse tools you can use to change view  drag tool and zoom tool. Switch between them by tapping corresponding buttons on command bar.When drag tool is selected, dragging over the screen will scroll the plot. Holding Action (a.k.a. Enter) and dragging will let you select a frame to zoom in. Tapping an element will show/hide element symbol. Action+Tap element will show element properties.yWhen zoom tool is selected, drag to frame zoom in, Action+drag to frame zoom out. Tap to zoom in, Action+tap to zoom out.jAt any time you can tap the button with magnifying glass and a minus sign to fit the whole plot on screen.   mThere is a button on the command bar with an image of a graph on it. Tap it to display the "Settings menu.You can select what is to be displayed using the "Show lines", "Show points" and "Label axes" menu items. These are self-explanatory. You can also show or hide element symbols for all points using the "Toggle labels" menu item.To set up an axis, select "X axis..." or "Y axis& " from the "Settings menu. This will display the axis settings dialog. There is more information about this dialog on the next page.Once you've set up a plot, you can save it into a preset. Presets for plots include all plot settings and current view. For example, you can zoom in on a part of plot and save that in a preset. 'This dialog displays the list of all properties that can be plotted. To set a property for the axis, highlight that property by tapping it.You can apply a filter to the values of the property. You can enter ranges in which the property is allowed to lie. All points not in the range will not be displayed.!Filter format . You can enter one or more ranges in the edit box. Separate the ranges with a semi-colon. Each range consists of two numbers with a dash (minus sign) between them. All spaces are ignored. Decimal and negative numbers are allowed. For example:8!5-50 : property has to be between 5 and 50 inclusive.{!-50 - -5 or !-50--5 : property has to be between -50 and -5 inclusive. Note the ordering  least value comes first.[!0-500; 1000-5000 : property has to be either between 0 and 500 or between 1000 and 5000.4!1.3-1.8 : property has to be between 1.3 and 1.8.''Whenever you need to enter symbols of chemical elements, you can take advantage of automatic symbol recognition. This feature will let you enter "!KMnOa4 " as just "!kmno4 ".PNote that you don t need to (in fact, you can t) put spaces between symbols.DThere are a few simple rules that govern how symbols are recognized.!1. The program will try to make the longest possible symbol. For example, if you enter "!nas ", the longest symbol is !Na , and what s left is !S .!2. A capital letter explicitly tells PocketChemistry that this is a new symbol. So, the string "!nAs " will be recognized as !N followed by !As .!3. There are some exceptions to rule number 1, listed below. They let you enter some most commonly used compounds without capitalizing symbols. For example, !co is recognized as !C followed by !O rather than !Co .As a result of rule 2, incorrect capitalization will cause errors. !NAS cannot be recognized because there is no element with symbol !A ."Exceptions to rule 1 . !CO , !HS , !NO , !PO , !CS , !OS , !HO , !CF , !SC , !SN . If you think you need any more such exceptions, send me an email (see link).''PocketChemistry is shareware. You can use the unregistered version for three weeks since you first run it. After that you have to purchase the program if you want to continue using it.You can obtain the registration code at www.handango.com or www.pocketgear.com. The exact links are at the end of this article.If your code is not accepted, make sure you are entering the correct letters. It is common to confuse letter O with number 0, and letter I with number 1.The exact links are as follows:6http://www.pocketgear.com/ software_detail.asp?id=5473Chttp://www.handango.com/ PlatformProductDetail.jsp? productId=93246d>BUniversal constantsF Speed of light in vacuum"c 299 792 458m s"1 "c = "`0"`0 Permeability of vacuum"`0 12.566 370 614 10"7 N A"2 "`0 = 4 10"7 Permittivity of vacuum"`0 8.854 187 817 10"12 F m"1 Gravitational constant"G 6.673(10) 10"11 N m2 kg"2 Characteristic impedance of vacuum"Z`0 376.730 313461&!Planck constant"h 6.626 068 76(52) 10"34 J sPlanck constant in eV"h 4.135 667 27(16) 10"15 eV sPlanck constant over 2"' 1.054 571 596(82) 10"34 J s"' = "h / 2Planck length"l`P 1.6160(12) 10"35 m"l`P = "' /"m`P"c = ("'G / "c3 )1/2Planck time"t`P 5.3906(40) 10"44 sPlanck mass"m`P 2.1767(16) 10"8 kg"m`P = ("'c / "G )1/2Electromagnetic constantsFElementary charge"e 1.602 176462(63) 10"19 CConductance quantum"G`0 7.748 091 696(28) 10"5 S"G`0 = 2"e2 / "h Magnetic flux quantum"`0 2.067 833 636(81) 10"15 Wb"`0 = "h / 2"e Bohr magneton"`B 927.400 899(37) 10"26 J T"1 "`B = "e' / 2"m`e Nuclear magneton"`N 5.050 783 17(20) 10"27 J T"1 "`N = "e' / 2"m`p Josephson constant"K`J 483 597.898(19) 109 Hz V"1 "K`J = 2"e / "h Von Klitzing constant"R`K 25 812.807 572(95)&!"R`K = "h / "e2 = "`0"c / 2" Nuclear constantsGeneralT Bohr radius"a`0 0.529 177 2083(19) 10"10 m"a`0 = " / 4"R`" = 4"`0"'2 / "m`e"e2 Compton wavelength`C 2.426 310 215(18) 10"12 m`C = "h / "m`e"c = 2"a`0 = "2 / 2"R`" Classical electron radius"r`e 2.817 940 285(31) 10"15 m"r`e = "2"a`0 = "3 / 4"R`" Fermi coupling constant1.166 39(1) 10"5 GeV"2 "G`F / ("'c )3 Fine-structure constant" 7.297 352 533(27) 10"3 " = "e2 / 4"`0"'c Inverse fine-structure constant""1 137.035 999 76(50)" = 4"`0"'c / "e2 Hartree energy"E`h 4.359 743 81(34) 10"18 J"E`h = "e2 / 4"`0"a`0 = 2"R`""hc = "2"m`e"c2 Hartree energy in eV"E`h 27.211 3834(11)eVQuantum of circulation3.636 947 516(27) 10"4 m2 s"1 "h / 2"m`e Rydberg constant"R`" 10 973 731.568 549(83)m"1 "R`" = "2"m`e"c / 2"h Thomson cross section"`e 0.665 245 854(15) 10"28 m2 "`e = (8 / 3)"r`e2 = "6 / 6"R`"2 Weak mixing angle0.2224(19)sin2 "`W ElectronTMass"m`e 9.109 381 88(72) 10"31 kgMass in u"m`e 5.485 799 110(12) 10"4 uMass energy equivalent in MeV"m`e"c2 0.510 998 902(21)MeVCompton wavelength`C 2.426 310 215(18) 10"12 m`C = "h / "m`e"c Electron g factor"g`e "2.002 319 304 3737(82)"g`e = " 2(1 + "a`e ) = 2"`e / "`B Gyromagnetic ratio`e 1.760 859 794(71) 1011 s"1 T"1 `e = 2 |"`e | / "' Magnetic moment"`e "928.476 362(37) 10"26 J T"1 Magnetic moment anomaly"a`e 1.159 652 1869(41) 10"3 "a`e = |"`e | / "`B " 1ProtonTMass"m`p 1.672 621 58(13) 10"27 kgMass in u"m`p 1.007 276 466 88(13)uMass energy equivalent in MeV"m`p"c2 0.510 998 902(21)MeVCompton wavelength`C,p 1.321 409 847(10) 10 15 m`C,p = "h / "m`p"c Proton g factor"g`p 5.585 694 675(57)"g`p = 2"`p / "`N Gyromagnetic ratio`p 2.675 222 12(11) 108 s 1 T 1 `p = 2"`p / "' Magnetic moment"`p 1.410 606 633(58) 10 26 J T 1 Magnetic shielding correction'`p 25.687(15) 10 6 '`p = 1  " '`p / "`p NeutronTMass"m`n 1.674 927 16(13) 10"27 kgMass in u"m`n 1.008 664 915 78(55)uMass energy equivalent in MeV"m`n"c2Iat 939.565 330(38)MeVCompton wavelength`C,n 1.319 590 898(10) 10 15 m`C,n = "h / "m`n"c Neutron g factor"g`n  3.826 085 45(90)"g`n = 2"`n / ("e' / 2"m`p )Gyromagnetic ratio`n 1.832 471 88(44) 108 s 1 T 1 2 |"`n | / "' Magnetic moment"`n  0.966 236 40(23) 10 26 J T 1 Nuclear constants part 2MuonTMass"mb 1.883 531 09(16) 10"28 kgMass in u"mb 0.113 428 9168(34)uMass energy equivalent in MeV"mb"c2 105.658 3568(52)MeVMagnetic moment anomaly"ab 1.165 916 02(64) 10"3 "ab = |"b | / ("e' / 2"mb ) " 1Compton wavelength`C," 11.734 441 97(35) 10"15 m`C," = "h / "mb"c TauTMass"mb 3.167 88(52) 10"27 kgMass in u"mb 1.907 74(31)uMass energy equivalent in MeV"mb"c2 1 777.05(29)MeVAlpha particleTMass"mb 6.644 655 98(52) 10"27 kgMass in u"mb 4.001 506 1747(10)uMass energy equivalent in MeV"mb"c2 3 727.379 04(15)MeVDeuteronTMass"m`d 3.343 583 09(26) 10"27 kgMass in u"m`d 2.013 553 212 71(35)uMass energy equivalent in MeV"m`d"c2 1875.612 762(75)MeVMagnetic moment"`d 0.433 073 457(18) 10"26 J T"1 HelionTMass"m`h 5.006 411 74(39) 10"27 kgMass in u"m`h 3.014 932 234 69(86)uMass energy equivalent in eV"m`h"c2 2 808.391 32(11)MeVPhysico-chemical constantsFAtomic mass constant"mbu 1.660 538 73(13) 10 27 kg"mbu = (10 3 kg mol 1 ) / "N`A Avogadro constant"N`A 6.022 141 99(47) 1023 mol 1 Boltzmann constant"k 1.380 6503(24) 10 23 J K 1 "k = "R / "N`A Faraday constant"F 96 485.3415(39)C mol 1 "F = "N`A"e First radiation constant"c`1 3.741 771 07(29) 10 16 W m2 "c`1 = 2"hc2 Loschmidt constant (STP)"n`0 2.686 7775(47) 1025 m 3 "n`0 = "N`A / "V`m Molar gas constant"R 8.314 472(15)J mol 1 K 1 Molar Planck constant"N`A"h 3.990 312 689(30) 10 10 J s mol 1 Molar volume of ideal gas (STP)"V`m 22.413 996(39) 10 3 m3 mol 1 "V`m = "RT / "p Sackur-Tetrode constant (1 K, 101.325 kPa)"S`0 / "R  1.164 8678(44)"S`0 / "R = 5/2 + ln[(2"m`u"kT`1 / "h2 )3/2" kT`1 / "p`0 ]Sackur-Tetrode constant (1 K, 100 kPa)"S`0 / "R  1.151 7048(44)"S`0 / "R = 5/2 + ln[(2"m`u"kT`1 / "h2 )3/2" kT`1 / "p`0 ]Second radiation constant"c`2 1.438 7752(25) 10 2 m K"c`2 = "hc / "k Stefan-Boltzmann constant5.670 400(40) 10 8 W m 2 K 4  = (2 / 60) "k4 / '3 c2 Wien displacement law constant"b 2.897 7686(51) 10 3 m K"b = ("hc / "k ) / 4.965 114 231...ۿ0~~Abstract propertiesNameFpHydrogenHeliumLithium BerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium AluminiumSilicon PhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromium ManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGallium Germanium!Arsenic"Selenium#Bromine$Krypton%Rubidium& Strontium'Yttrium( Zirconium)Niobium* Molybdenum+ Technetium, Ruthenium-Rhodium. Palladium/Silver0Cadmium1Indium2Tin3Antimony4 Tellurium5Iodine6Xenon7Cesium8Barium9 Lanthanum:Cerium; Praseodymium< Neodymium= Promethium>Samarium?Europium@ GadoliniumATerbiumB DysprosiumCHolmiumDErbiumEThuliumF YtterbiumGLutetiumHHafniumITantalumJTungstenKRheniumLOsmiumMIridiumNPlatinumOGoldPMercuryQThalliumRLeadSBismuthTPoloniumUAstatineVRadonWFranciumXRadiumYActiniumZThorium[ Protactinium\Uranium] Neptunium^ Plutonium_ Americium`Curiuma Berkeliumb Californiumc EinsteiniumdFermiume MendeleviumfNobeliumg Lawrenciumh RutherfordiumiDubniumj SeaborgiumkBohriumlHassiumm Meitneriumn Ununniliumo UnununiumpUnunbiumSymbolFpHHeLiBeBCNO F Ne Na Mg AlSiPSClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGa Ge!As"Se#Br$Kr%Rb&Sr'Y(Zr)Nb*Mo+Tc,Ru-Rh.Pd/Ag0Cd1In2Sn3Sb4Te5I6Xe7Cs8Ba9La:Ce;Pr<Nd=Pm>Sm?Eu@GdATbBDyCHoDErETmFYbGLuHHfITaJWKReLOsMIrNPtOAuPHgQTlRPbSBiTPoUAtVRnWFrXRaYAcZTh[Pa\U]Np^Pu_Am`CmaBkbCfcEsdFmeMdfNogLrhRfiDbjSgkBhlHsmMtnUunoUuupUubStructureNumber of protonsTp12345678 9 10 11 12 13141516171819202122232425262728293031 32!33"34#35$36%37&38'39(40)41*42+43,44-45.46/47048149250351452553654755856957:58;59<60=61>62?63@64A65B66C67D68E69F70G71H72I73J74K75L76M77N78O79P80Q81R82S83T84U85V86W87X88Y89Z90[91\92]93^94_95`96a97b98c99d100e101f102g103h104i105j106k107l108m109n110o111p112Number of neutronsTm02456678 10 10 12 12 14141616182220202426282830303231353539 41!42"45#45$48%48&50'50(51)52*54+55,57-58.60/61064166269371476574677778881982:82;82<84=84>88?89@93A94B96C98D99E100F103G104H106I108J110K111L114M115N117O118P121Q123R125S126T125U125V136W136X138Y138Z142[122\146]144^150_148`151a150b153c153d157e157f157g157h157i157j157k155l157m157Element blockFpSSSSPPPP P P S S PPPPPPSSDDDDDDDDDDP P!P"P#P$P%S&S'D(D)D*D+D,D-D.D/D0D1P2P3P4P5P6P7S8S9D:F;F<F=F>F?F@FAFBFCFDFEFFFGFHDIDJDKDLDMDNDODPDQPRPSPTPUPVPWSXSYDZF[F\F]F^F_F`FaFbFcFdFeFfFgFhDiDjDkDlDmDnDoDpDElement familyFpEFABEEEE I F A B DEEEIFABCCCCCCCCCCD D!E"E#I$F%A&B'C(C)C*C+C,C-C.C/C0C1D2D3D4E5I6F7A8B9H:H;H<H=H>H?H@HAHBHCHDHEHFHGHHCICJCKCLCMCNCOCPCQDRDSDTDUIVFWAXBYGZG[G\G]G^G_G`GaGbGcGdGeGfGgGhJiJjJkJlJmJnJoJpJ Electron configurationFm !1s1  !1s2 1s2 !2s1 1s2 !2s2 1s2 2s2 !2p1 1s2 2s2 !2p2 1s2 2s2 !2p3 1s2 2s2 !2p4 1s2 2s2 !2p5 1s2 2s2 !2p6 !1s2 2s2 2p6 !3s1 !1s2 2s2 2p6 !3s2 )1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 !3p1 )1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 !3p2 )1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 !3p3 )1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 !3p4 )1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 !3p5 )1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 !3p6 11s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 !4s1 11s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 !4s2 91s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 !3d1 4s2 91s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 !3d2 4s2 91s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 !3d3 4s2 91s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 !3d5 4s1 91s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 !3d5 4s2 91s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 !3d6 4s2 91s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 !3d7 4s2 91s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 !3d8 4s2 :1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 !3d10 4s1 :1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 !3d10 4s2 B1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 !4p1 B1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 !4p2 !B1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 !4p3 "B1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 !4p4 #B1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 !4p5 $B1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 !4p6 %J1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 !5s1 &J1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 !5s2 'R1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 !4d1 5s2 (R1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 !4d2 5s2 )R1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 !4d4 5s1 *R1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 !4d5 5s1 +R1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 !4d5 5s2 ,R1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 !4d7 5s1 -R1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 !4d8 5s1 .K1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 !4d10 /S1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 !4d10 5s1 0S1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 !4d10 5s2 1[1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 !5p1 2[1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 !5p2 3[1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 !5p3 4[1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 !5p4 5[1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 !5p5 6[1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 !5p6 7c1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 !6s1 8c1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 !6s2 9k1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 !5d1 6s2 :k1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 !4f2 5s2 5p6 6s2 ;k1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 !4f3 5s2 5p6 6s2 <k1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 !4f4 5s2 5p6 6s2 =k1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 !4f5 5s2 5p6 6s2 >k1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 !4f6 5s2 5p6 6s2 ?k1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 !4f7 5s2 5p6 6s2 @s1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 !4f7 5s2 5p6 5d1 6s2 Ak1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 !4f9 5s2 5p6 6s2 Bl1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 !4f10 5s2 5p6 6s2 Cl1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 !4f11 5s2 5p6 6s2 Dl1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 !4f12 5s2 5p6 6s2 El1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 !4f13 5s2 5p6 6s2 Fl1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 !4f14 5s2 5p6 6s2 Gt1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 !4f14 5s2 5p6 5d1 6s2 Ht1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 !5d2 6s2 It1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 !5d3 6s2 Jt1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 !5d4 6s2 Kt1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 !5d5 6s2 Lt1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 !5d6 6s2 Mt1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 !5d7 6s2 Nt1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 !5d9 6s1 Ou1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 !5d10 6s1 Pu1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 !5d10 6s2 Q}1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 !6p1 R}1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 !6p2 S}1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 !6p3 T}1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 !6p4 U}1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 !6p5 V}1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 !6p6 W1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6 !7s1 X1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6 !7s2 Y1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6 !6d1 7s1 Z1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6 !6d2 7s2 [1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 !5f2 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2 \1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 !5f3 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2 ]1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 !5f4 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2 ^1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 !5f6 6s2 6p6 7s2 _1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 !5f7 6s2 6p6 7s2 `1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 !5f7 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2 a1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 !5f8 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2 b1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 !5f10 6s2 6p6 7s2 c1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 !5f11 6s2 6p6 7s2 d1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 !5f12 6s2 6p6 7s2 e1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 !5f13 6s2 6p6 7s2 f1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 !5f14 6s2 6p6 7s2 g1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 !5f14 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2 h1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d2 7s2 i1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d3 7s2 j1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d4 7s2 k1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d5 7s2 l1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d6 7s2 m1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d7 7s2 Electron levelsFp122, 12, 22, 32, 42, 52, 6 2, 7 2, 8 2, 8, 1 2, 8, 2 2, 8, 32, 8, 42, 8, 52, 8, 62, 8, 72, 8, 8 2, 8, 8, 1 2, 8, 8, 2 2, 8, 9, 2 2, 8, 10, 2 2, 8, 11, 2 2, 8, 13, 1 2, 8, 13, 2 2, 8, 14, 2 2, 8, 15, 2 2, 8, 16, 2 2, 8, 18, 1 2, 8, 18, 2 2, 8, 18, 3 2, 8, 18, 4! 2, 8, 18, 5" 2, 8, 18, 6# 2, 8, 18, 7$ 2, 8, 18, 8%2, 8, 18, 8, 1&2, 8, 18, 8, 2'2, 8, 18, 9, 2(2, 8, 18, 10, 2)2, 8, 18, 12, 1*2, 8, 18, 13, 1+2, 8, 18, 13, 2,2, 8, 18, 15, 1-2, 8, 18, 16, 1. 2, 8, 18, 18/2, 8, 18, 18, 102, 8, 18, 18, 212, 8, 18, 18, 322, 8, 18, 18, 432, 8, 18, 18, 542, 8, 18, 18, 652, 8, 18, 18, 762, 8, 18, 18, 872, 8, 18, 18, 8, 182, 8, 18, 18, 8, 292, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2:2, 8, 18, 20, 8, 2;2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2<2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2=2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2>2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2?2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2@2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2A2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2B2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2C2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2D2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2E2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2F2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2G2, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2H2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2I2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2J2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2K2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2L2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2M2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2N2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1O2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1P2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2Q2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3R2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4S2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5T2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6U2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7V2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8W2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1X2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2Y2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2Z2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2[2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2\2, 8, 18, 32, 21, 9, 2]2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2^2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2_2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2`2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 2a2, 8, 18, 32, 26, 9, 2b2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2c2, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 2d2, 8, 18, 32, 30, 8, 2e2, 8, 18, 32, 31, 8, 2f2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 2g2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 9, 2h2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 10, 2i2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2j2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2k2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2l2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2m2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 15, 2n2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 1o?p2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2Crystal structureF` Hexagonal HexagonalCubic body centered Hexagonal Rhombohedral Hexagonal HexagonalCubic Cubic Cubic face centered Cubic body centered Hexagonal Cubic face centeredCubic face centered Monoclinic Orthorhombic OrthorhombicCubic face centeredCubic body centeredCubic face centered Hexagonal HexagonalCubic body centeredCubic body centeredCubic body centeredCubic body centered HexagonalCubic face centeredCubic face centered Hexagonal Orthorhombic Cubic face centered! Rhombohedral" Hexagonal# Orthorhombic$Cubic face centered%Cubic body centered&Cubic face centered' Hexagonal( Hexagonal)Cubic body centered*Cubic body centered+ Hexagonal, Hexagonal-Cubic face centered.Cubic face centered/Cubic face centered0 Hexagonal1 Tetragonal2 Tetragonal3 Rhombohedral4 Hexagonal5 Orthorhombic6Cubic face centered7Cubic body centered8Cubic body centered9 Hexagonal:Cubic face centered; Hexagonal< Hexagonal= Hexagonal> Rhombohedral?Cubic body centered@ HexagonalA HexagonalB HexagonalC HexagonalD HexagonalE HexagonalFCubic face centeredG HexagonalH HexagonalICubic body centeredJCubic body centeredK HexagonalL HexagonalMCubic face centeredNCubic face centeredOCubic face centeredP RhombohedralQ HexagonalRCubic face centeredS RhombohedralT MonoclinicVCubic face centeredWCubic body centeredXCubic body centeredYCubic face centeredZCubic face centered[ Orthorhombic\ Orthorhombic] Orthorhombic^ Monoclinic_ Hexagonalb HexagonalcCubic face centeredSize relatedAtomic radiusT V0.790.492.051.41.170.910.750.65 0.57 0.51 2.23 1.72 1.821.461.231.090.970.882.772.232.0921.921.851.791.721.671.621.571.531.81 1.52!1.33"1.22#1.12$1.03%2.98&2.45'2.27(2.16)2.08*2.01+1.95,1.89-1.83.1.79/1.7501.711221.7231.5341.4251.3261.2473.3482.7892.74:2.7;2.67<2.64=2.62>2.59?2.56@2.54A2.51B2.49C2.47D2.45E2.42F2.4G2.25H2.16I2.09J2.02K1.97L1.92M1.87N1.83O1.79P1.76Q2.08R1.81S1.63T1.53U1.43V1.34Atomic volumeT cm3 /mol]14.413.154.64.5817.314 17.1 16.7 23.7 13.97 1012.11715.522.728.545.4629.91510.648.787.231.397.16.76.597.19.211.8 13.6!13.1"16.45#23.5$38.9%55.9&33.7'19.8(14.1)10.87*9.4+8.5,8.3-8.3.8.9/10.3013.1115.7216.3318.23420.5525.74637.3771.07839.24920.73:20.67;20.8<20.6=22.39>19.95?28.9@19.9A19.2B19C18.7D18.4E18.1F24.79G17.78H13.6I10.9J9.53K8.85L8.49M8.54N9.1O10.2P14.82Q17.2R18.17S21.3T22.23V50.5X45.2Y22.54Z19.9[15\12.59]11.62^12.32_17.86`18.28Ionic radiusT \0.0120.760.350.230.131.4 1.33 1.02 0.72 0.5350.40.380.371.811.380.990.7450.6050.590.520.460.6450.7450.690.730.740.62 0.53!0.58"0.5#1.96%1.52&1.12'0.9(0.72)0.69*0.65+0.56,0.68-0.68.0.86/1.2600.9710.820.6930.7640.9752.271.6781.3591.061:1.034;1.013<0.995=0.979>0.964?0.947@0.938A0.923B0.912C0.901D0.881E0.869F0.858G0.848H0.71I0.64J0.62K0.56L0.63M0.625N0.625O0.85P1.02Q1.5R1.19S1.03T2.3W1.8X1.43Y1.119Z0.972[0.78\0.52]0.75^0.887_0.982`0.97a0.949b0.934c0.925f1.1Covalent radiusT W0.320.931.230.90.820.770.750.73 0.72 0.71 1.54 1.36 1.181.111.061.020.990.982.031.741.441.321.221.181.171.171.161.151.171.251.26 1.22!1.2"1.16#1.14$1.12%2.16&1.91'1.62(1.45)1.34*1.3+1.27,1.25-1.25.1.28/1.3401.4811.4421.4131.441.3651.3361.3172.3581.9891.69:1.65;1.65<1.64=1.63>1.62?1.85@1.61A1.59B1.59C1.58D1.57E1.56F1.74G1.56H1.44I1.34J1.3K1.28L1.26M1.27N1.3O1.34P1.49Q1.48R1.47S1.46T1.46U1.45Z1.65\1.42Physical propertiesMassT a.m.u.p1.007944.0026026.9419.01218210.81112.010714.0067415.9994 18.998403 20.1797 22.98977 24.305 26.98153928.085530.9737632.06635.452739.94839.098340.07844.9559147.86750.941551.996154.9380555.84758.933258.693463.54665.3969.723 72.61!74.92159"78.96#79.904$83.80%85.4678&87.62'88.90585(91.224)92.90638*95.94+[98],101.07-102.9055.106.42/107.86820112.4111114.8182118.713121.7574127.605 126.904476131.297 132.905468137.3279138.9055:140.115; 140.90765<144.24=[145]>150.36?151.965@157.25A 158.92534B162.50C 164.93031D167.26E168.9342F173.04G174.967H178.49I180.9479J183.85K186.207L190.23M192.217N195.078O 196.96655P200.59Q204.3833R207.2S 208.98038T[209]U[210]V[222]W[223]X226.0254Y[227]Z232.0381[231.0359\238.0289]237.0482^[244]_[243]`[247]a[247]b[251]c[252]d[257]e[258]f[259]g[260]h[261]i[262]j[263]k[262]l[265]m[266]n[269]o[272]p[277]Melting pointT Kc14.0250.95453.7415512352.23823.263.1450.35 53.58 24.553 370.95 922 933.251685317.25388.36172.1783.81336.51112181219432175213015171809176817261357.6692.73302.93 1210.4!1081"490#265.9$115.78%312.09&1042'1799(2125)2741*2890+2445.2,2523-2239.1825/1235.080594.181429.762505.1683903.944722.75386.76161.37301.558100291193:1071;1204<1289=1204>1345?1095@1585A1630B1685C1743D1795E1818F1097G1936H2472I3269J3680K3453L3318M2716N2045O1337.58P234.28Q577R600.702S544.52T527U575V202W300X973Y1323Z2028[2113\1405]913^912.5_1267`1613.15a1259b1173.2c1133.2 Boiling pointT K`20.2684.215162032433900510077.3590.18 85.01 27.096 1154.6 1378 27403540553.7717.75239.287.31038.7175731043560368229452235302332013005284011802676 3103!876"958#332.25$119.8%961&1657'3611(4650)5031*4885+4840,4323-4033.3237/242801038123462289631860412615458.46165.0379448217193730:3699;3785<3300=3785>2064?1870@3539A3296B2835C2968D3136E2220F1700G3600H4876I5698J5928K5900L5298M4701N4100O3081P630Q1730R2024S1837T1235U610V211W950X1973Y3473Z5061[4400\4203]4175^3503_2880`3383Disagreement in melting pointF Kc0.050.20.050.51500.20.5 0.1 0.03 0.06 1 0.350.120.10.050.50.50.50.550.50.50.50.50.510.050.05 0.1!10"5#0.05$0.5%0.5&1'1(1)1*1+50,50-1.5/100.110.0520.130.540.550.560.0570.18595:5;5<5=?>1?1@1A5B5C1D1E1F1G10H100I1J5K5L50M50N1O0.1P0.1Q1R0.1S0.1T0.5U0.5V0.5W0.5X50Y10Z5[50\0.5]0.5^1_0.5`0.5a0.5b0.5c0.5 Disagreement in boiling pointF K`0.20.455001000??0.03 0.1 0.05 ? 10 10100050.210.11010100550201001001002005?? 5!10"0.1#1$0.1%?&5'50(?)50*?+300,100-100.50/500?1502?3?455160.1720850950:100;500<100=?>100?100@300A100B50C100D50E200F300G50H100I100J200K100L20M100N?O1P?Q20R10S?T?U?V0.5W?X200Y500Z50[400+100\200]?^5_10`100 DensityFb!0.08988 g L 1 @ 273K, 1 bar 0.1785 g L 1 @ 273K, 1 bar0.534 g cc 1 @ 293K1.8477 g cc 1 @ 293K2.34 g cc 1 @ 293K2.62 g cc 1 @ 293K 1.2506 g L 1 @ 273K, 1 bar1.429 g L 1 @ 273K, 1 bar 1.696 g L 1 @ 273K, 1 bar 0.901 g L 1 @ 273K, 1 bar 0.971 g cc 1 @ 293K 1.738 g cc 1 @ 293K 2.702 g cc 1 @ 293K2.329 g cc 1 @ 293K1.82 g cc 1 @ 293K2.07 g cc 1 @ 293K3.214 g L 1 @ 273K, 1 bar 1.7824 g L 1 @ 273K, 1 bar0.862 g cc 1 @ 293K1.55 g cc 1 @ 293K2.989 g cc 1 @ 293K4.54 g cc 1 @ 293K6.11 g cc 1 @ 293K7.19 g cc 1 @ 293K7.43 g cc 1 @ 293K7.874 g cc 1 @ 293K8.90 g cc 1 @ 293K8.902 g cc 1 @ 293K8.96 g cc 1 @ 293K7.133 g cc 1 @ 293K5.907 g cc 1 @ 293K 5.323 g cc 1 @ 293K!5.72 g cc 1 @ 293K"4.79 g cc 1 @ 293K#3.119 g cc 1 @ 293K$3.708 g L 1 @ 273K, 1 bar%1.532 g cc 1 @ 293K&2.54 g cc 1 @ 293K'4.469 g cc 1 @ 293K(6.49 g cc 1 @ 293K)8.57 g cc 1 @ 293K*10.22 g cc 1 @ 293K+11.5 g cc 1 @ 293K,12.37 g cc 1 @ 293K-12.41 g cc 1 @ 293K.12.02 g cc 1 @ 293K/10.5 g cc 1 @ 293K08.65 g cc 1 @ 293K17.31 g cc 1 @ 293K27.31 g cc 1 @ 293K36.684 g cc 1 @ 293K46.24 g cc 1 @ 293K54.93 g cc 1 @ 293K6 5.8971 g L 1 @ 273K, 1 bar71.873 g cc 1 @ 293K83.51 g cc 1 @ 293K96.15 g cc 1 @ 293K:6.773 g cc 1 @ 293K;6.77 g cc 1 @ 293K<7.007 g cc 1 @ 293K=6.475 g cc 1 @ 293K>7.54 g cc 1 @ 293K?5.259 g cc 1 @ 293K@7.895 g cc 1 @ 293KA8.27 g cc 1 @ 293KB8.536 g cc 1 @ 293KC8.80 g cc 1 @ 293KD9.05 g cc 1 @ 293KE9.321 g cc 1 @ 293KF6.98 g cc 1 @ 293KG9.85 g cc 1 @ 293KH13.31 g cc 1 @ 293KI16.654 g cc 1 @ 293KJ19.35 g cc 1 @ 293KK21.04 g cc 1 @ 293KL22.40 g cc 1 @ 293KM22.42 g cc 1 @ 293KN21.45 g cc 1 @ 293KO19.32 g cc 1 @ 293KP13.546 g cc 1 @ 293KQ11.85 g cc 1 @ 293KR11.34 g cc 1 @ 293KS9.75 g cc 1 @ 293KT9.4 g cc 1 @ 293KU?V9.73 g L 1 @ 273K, 1 barW?X5.5 g cc 1 @ 293KY10.07 g cc 1 @ 293KZ11.724 g cc 1 @ 293K[15.4 g cc 1 @ 293K\18.95 g cc 1 @ 293K]20.45 g cc 1 @ 293K^19.84 g cc 1 @ 293K_13.67 g cc 1 @ 293K`13.511 g cc 1 @ 293Ka14.78 g cc 1 @ 300K est.b15.1 g cc 1 @ 293KEnthalpy of fusionT kJ/molZ0.059311.7222.18104.60.360.22 0.26 0.33 2.59 8.95 10.6746.440.631.723.381.182.328.5414.115.4817.5715.3114.6414.915.2317.5713.017.325.59 34.7!24.44"6.69#5.29$1.64%2.19&9.16'17.15(20.9)27.2*27.61+23.01,25.5-21.76.16.74/11.306.1913.2827.03319.87417.4957.7662.372.187.6696.2:5.46;6.89<7.14=7.5>8.62?9.21@10.05A10.8B11.05C11.76D17.2E16.8F7.66G18.7H25.1I31.4J35.23K33.05L29.3M26.4N19.7O12.55P2.29Q4.27R4.77S10.9V2.89Z15.65[12.34\15.48]3.2^2.82_14.39`15Enthalpy of vaporizationT kJ/molW0.4490.083134.7294.7480716.72.793.41 3.31 1.71 89.04 128.7 293.743912.439.6210.216.4377.5150314.2429458.6348.8219.7351382.4371.8304.6115.5256.1 334.3!34.76"26.3#15.46$9.03%69.2&150'393(581.6)696.6*594.1+660,567.8-495.4.376.6/255.101001226.42290.4367.9450.6520.88612.64765.981409399.6:414;296.8<273>166.4?143.5@359.4A330.9B230C241D261E191F128.9G355.9H661.1I753.1J799.1K707.1L627.6M563.6N510.5O324.4P56.9Q162.1R179.4S151T60.3V16.4Z543.9\477^344Chemical propertiesElectronegativityTf2.2 0.981.572.042.553.043.44 3.98  0.93 1.31 1.611.92.192.583.16 0.8211.361.541.631.661.551.831.881.911.951.651.81 2.01!2.18"2.55#2.96$ %0.82&0.95'1.22(1.33)1.6*2.24+1.9,2.2-2.28.2.2/1.9301.6911.7821.9632.0542.152.6662.670.7980.8991.1:1.12;1.13<1.14=1.13>1.17?1.12@1.17A1.21B1.22C1.23D1.24E1.25F1.21G1.27H1.3I1.5J2.36K1.9L2.2M2.2N2.28O2.54P2Q2.04R2.33S2.02T2U2.2V W0.7X0.9Y1.1Z1.3[1.5\1.38]1.36^1.28_1.3`1.3a1.3b1.3c1.3d1.3e1.3f1.3Oxidation statesFg10123!4 , 2!3 , 5, 3, 2! 2 ,  1  1 0 1 2 34 3, !5 , 4 2, 4, !6 !1 , 3, 5, 701234!5 , 3 6, !3 , 27, 6, 4, !2 , 32, !3 !2 , 3!2 , 3!2 , 123 4! !3 , 5" 2, !4 , 6# !1 , 5$0%1&2'3(4)!5 , 3*!6 , 5, 4, 3, 2+7,2, 3, !4 , 6, 8- 2, !3 , 4.!2 , 4/102132!4 , 23 !3 , 54 2, !4 , 65 !1 , 5, 760718293:!3 , 4;!3 , 4<3=3>!3 , 2?!3 , 2@3A!3 , 4B3C3D3E!3 , 2F!3 , 2G3H4I5J!6 , 5, 4, 3, 2K!6 , 4, 2,  2L2, 3, !4 , 6, 8M2, 3, !4 , 6N2, !4 O!3 , 1P!2 , 1Q3, !1 R4, !2 S!3 , 5T!4 , 2U!1 , 3, 5, 7V0W1X2Y3Z4[!5 , 4\!6 , 5, 4, 3]6, !5 , 4, 3^6, 5, !4 , 3_6, 5, 4, !3 `3a4, !3 b3c3d3e3f2, !3 g3